Population Representation 2004 - Active Component Officers

ACTIVE COMPONENT OFFICERS

Source of Commission. The criteria for the selection of potential officers for commissioning include age, U.S. citizenship, physical fitness, moral character, education, and cognitive ability. Given that officers form the military’s leadership and professional echelon and that financial investment in officer education programs is high, the selection standards are quite stringent. [Footnote 2]

A 4-year college degree, while not a universal prerequisite for commissioning, is necessary for continued service in the military. To this end, two of the primary commissioning programs, the Service academies and the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), are administered in conjunction with an individual's academic preparation. The United States Military Academy (USMA), the United States Naval Academy (USNA), and the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) each offer room, board, medical and dental care, salary, and tuition throughout a 4-year undergraduate program of instruction leading to a baccalaureate degree. [Footnote 3] Located at numerous undergraduate colleges and universities throughout the country, ROTC has both scholarship and non-scholarship options. [Footnote 4]

The two remaining primary commissioning programs, Officers Candidate/Training School (OCS/OTS) and Direct Commissioning, are designed almost exclusively for individuals who already possess at least a baccalaureate degree. OCS/OTS exists as a rather quick commissioning source for college graduates who did not receive military training or indoctrination as part of their undergraduate education. This source also provides a means for high-potential enlisted personnel to earn a commission. Direct commissions, with a minimum of military training, are offered to professionals in fields such as law, medicine, and the ministry. Because of their advanced degrees and/or work experience, officers directly appointed are often commissioned at ranks higher than the customary second lieutenant or ensign. There are other specialized commissioning sources that, together with the primary programs, ensure that the Services have access to a number of different pools of personnel with diverse skills.

Table 4.3 highlights the flexibility in officer procurement afforded by the alternative commissioning programs. The largest proportion of FY 2004 officer accessions (36 percent) came through ROTC programs—with a nearly equal split between those receiving scholarships (53 percent) and those who did not (47 percent). Direct appointments and academy graduates accounted for 15 percent and 18 percent of incoming officers, respectively. OCS/OTS produced about 21 percent of FY 2004 Active Component officer accessions.

Table 4.3. FY 2004 Source of Commission of Active Component Officer Accessions and Officer Corps, by Service (Percent)
Source of Commission	Army	Navy	Marine Corps	Air Force	DoD
ACTIVE COMPONENT OFFICER ACCESSIONS
Academy	15.5	20.6	16.2	18.2	17.9
ROTC–Scholarship	36.3	20.6	2.4	2.4	19.0
ROTC–No Scholarship	17.1	1.8	0.0	35.4	17.0
OCS/OTS	13.6	19.3	60.9	21.8	20.9
Direct Appointment	11.5	18.0	0.6	18.4	14.8
Other	5.9	*	0.0	1.1	2.3
Unknown	0.1	19.8	19.9	2.9	8.2
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ACTIVE COMPONENT OFFICER CORPS
Academy	15.9	19.4	12.6	19.3	17.7
ROTC–Scholarship	36.3	18.5	11.7	16.6	23.1
ROTC–No Scholarship	20.3	2.2	0.0	25.0	15.9
OCS/OTS	11.3	22.1	65.2	22.2	22.0
Direct Appointment	8.1	20.1	1.0	16.2	13.4
Other	8.0	0.2	*	0.5	2.8
Unknown	*	17.5	9.4	0.2	5.2
Total	100.0	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Columns may not add to total due to rounding. * Less than one-tenth of one percent. Also see Appendix Tables B-39 (Active Component Officer Accessions by Source of Commission, Service, and Gender) and B-40 (Active Component Officer Corps by Source of Commission, Service, and Gender).

The Services differ in their reliance on the various commissioning sources. For example, 61 percent of the Marine Corps' newly commissioned officers came through OCS-type pipelines, while comparable figures for the other Services were between 14 and 22 percent. Less than one percent of Marine Corps officer accessions were recipients of direct commissions compared to more than 18 percent in the Air Force. In fact, the Marine Corps does not have a Service academy or ROTC program. Midshipmen at the Naval Academy and in the Navy's ROTC program can opt to enter the Marine Corps upon program completion. The Marine Corps relies on the Navy for officer in medical and dental specialties and chaplains, thereby lowering its need for direct commissioning. The Service differences are influenced by retention rates, budget considerations, and historical fluctuations in officer recruiting needs.

[Footnote 2] See Eitelberg, M.J., Laurence, J.H., and Brown, D.C., "Becoming Brass: Issues in the Testing, Recruiting, and Selection of American Military Officers," in B.R. Gifford and L.C. Wing (Eds.), Test Policy in Defense: Lessons from the Military for Education, Training, and Employment (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991). [back to paragraph]

[Footnote 3] There is no separate academy for the Marine Corps, but a percentage of each Naval Academy graduating class pledges to become Marine Corps officers. [back to paragraph]

[Footnote 4] Non-scholarship ROTC is not without benefits. There is a subsistence allowance upon progress to advanced training. [back to paragraph]

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